White City featured several roller coasters, a chute-the-chutes, two ballrooms, inexpensive food, and its landmark Electric Tower. Partly due to a large fire in the late 1920s, and partly due to the economic hardship of the Depression, much of White City’s amusements had been shut down by the mid-1930s. Stiff competition from the growing Cottage Grove entertainment district, particularly the new Trianon Ballroom, also drew entertainment-seekers away from the park. In 1937, only one dance hall, the roller rink, the basketball courts, and the bowling alleys remained in operation. White City closed for good in the 1950s.

Located in Jackson Park on Chicago’s South Side, the 1893 Exposition was known as “the White City” for its gleaming white, Beaux-Arts style buildings designed by famed architect Daniel Burnham, famous for designing the Flatiron Building in New York, among many others, and the renowned firm of McKim, Mead & White, famous for the now-lost Pennsylvania Station in New York among many others. The buildings of the so-called White City dotted a lagoon reminiscent of Venice.  Only two of the buildings from the World’s Fair survive to this day in their original location: the Palace of Fine Arts, which is now the Museum of Science and Industry; and the World’s Congress Auxiliary Building, which is now the Art Institute of Chicago.

“Stepping off the cable car that had brought him from the Loop, he stood on the Hyde Park prairie Paul Cornell had plated and drained, between Olmsted’s Washington and Jackson Parks, gazing with disappointment at the ‘unfinished gray stone buildings scattered loosely over the immense campus which was nothing more than a quagmire with a frog pond at the south end.’  Just a few blocks east of this chaotic construction scene, he could see the vastly larger building site of the great fair Chicago would host.  They stood next to each other, connected by Olmsted’s Midway Plaisance, two miniature cities in the making, Burnham’s White City and Harper’s Gray City, both of them planned by ‘ardent, ambitious businessmen eager to change the city’s image from one of barbarous materialism to one of refinement and culture.’”—Donald L. Miller, City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America. (New York:  Simon & Schuster, 1996), p. 394.

The Exposition drew more than 27 million visitors from all over the world, including abolitionist Frederick Douglass, social reformer Jane Addams, writer Paul Laurence Dunbar, writer Henry Blake Fuller, and composer Scott Joplin.

• Davis, Rennie
• Dellinger, David
• Froines, John
• Hayden, Tom
• Hoffman, Abbie
• Rubin, Jerry
• Weiner, Lee

Perhaps the three most prominent were Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin of the Yippies, and Tom Hayden, who later married the actress Jane Fonda and served in the California State Assembly from 1982-2000.  They were eventually acquitted on February 18, 1970, but not until going through a trial that included one defendant, Bobby Seale, being bound and gagged and eventually having his case severed from the others turning the Chicago Eight into the Chicago Seven.

“Years later Rubin confessed that he had secretly agreed with the government when in March 1969 it indicted him, along with Hoffman, Hayden, Davis, Dellinger, Bobby Seale, and two others, for conspiring to riot in Chicago.  ‘We wanted exactly what happened,’ Rubin wrote.  ‘We wanted the tear gas to get so heavy that the reality was tear gas.  We wanted to create a situation in which the Chicago police and the Daley administration and the federal government and the United States would self-destruct.  We wanted to show that America wasn’t a democracy.  That the convention wasn’t politics.  The message of the week was of an America ruled by force.  This was a big victory.”—quoted in Allen J. Matusow, The Unraveling of America:  A History of Liberalism in the 1960s, (New York:  Harper and Row, 1984), p. 422 from Milton Viorst, Fire in the Streets:  America in the 1960s, (1979), pp. 458-9.

Portrait of the Chicago Seven